This report summarizes advances in bilingual education that help linguistically and culturally diverse (LCD) students reach high levels of achievement and performance. Factors to be considered include the native language, bilingualism and academic achievement, curriculum, parental and community influences, and programmatic evaluation. The reports…

This paper presents a followup of selected studies on effective schools with a population of bilingual and/or limited-English-proficient (LEP) students. Over 150 research papers on both effective schools and effective bilingual LEP instruction were reviewed. The literature was divided into three categories: (1) studies with a population including…

The expansion of early childhood education for American Indians and Alaska Natives has reflected the trend in the larger society. While efforts are being made to improve early childhood care and education for all children, deeper issues must be considered by Native Americans. First among them is the long history of forced assimilation and…

Parents, educators, psychologists, and linguists are concerned about the effects of bilingualism on children, particularly young children. Although it is generally agreed that the minority-language child should develop bilingual and bicultural competence, there is disagreement concerning the role the two languages should play in the child's early…

A discussion of the movement to make English the official language of the United States, by constitutional amendment, looks for a hidden agenda among its advocates. The history of and debate over the amendment in Congress and around the country are reviewed, drawing from legislative texts, speeches, essays, media commentary, and related research.…

There is a widespread lack of understanding of what bilingual and English-as-a-second-language (ESL) instruction consist of, and the day-to-day classroom operations are not easy to explain. Both bilingual and ESL instruction have seen rapid expansion in recent years, and the instructional and curricular approaches have been refined. It has been…

The first (containing chapters 1 through 5) of two volumes begins a review of research regarding educational programming for bilingual handicapped students. The following major topics are addressed: (1) demography (socioeconomic ties, geographic location/residential patterns); (2) assessment (legal mandates, nondiscriminatory assessment); (3)…

The report summarizes information from a review of the literature on bilingual special education. Seven topics are addressed by consultants who were directed to prepare a synthesis of the literature, develop a comprehensive annotated bibliography, and present findings and recommendations for further research at a 2-day conference. The following…

A study examines the effectiveness of two major types of instructional technology used in a majority of federally supported bilingual education programs, computer assisted instruction, and video instruction. The videotape technologies examined were bidirectional or interactive television and videotape. The variations of computer technology…

The paper presents a history of the legal mandates (both legislative and judicial) for equal educational opportunity for linguistic and cultural minorities and describes the denial of this right in Massachusetts, as evidenced by overrepresentation of minorities in special education. Aspects of testing protocol, prereferral modification, and…

While bilingual education programs in Peru are promoted as educational alternatives, designed for a specific group with the intention of strengthening the community's capacity to achieve its own goals, Texas programs are "substitute" programs to compensate for presumed deficits until the student can function in a "regular"…

Examined are (1) the educational history of bilingual education in the United States, including educational legislation; (2) research findings concerning bilingual education and student achievement, student attitudes and behavior, student integration, and cost and feasibility; and (3) the implications of these legal and research issues for federal…

This paper discusses classical Arabic as a minority language for Moroccan children in Spanish schools. It highlights programs of "education des langues et cultures d'origine" (ELCO), which specifically target these students. ELCO is the only public program in Spain recognizing Arabic as an immigrant minority language. Intercultural…

This paper examines how U.S. courts, particularly the Supreme Court, have applied constitutional law principles to Latino communities and individuals in three areas: public education, the status of Puerto Rico, and jury selection. Consistent with traditional views of American society as biracial (black and white), constitutional law discussions…

Identifies four misconceptions about language proficiency which are currently impeding the implementation of effective bilingual education programs. Misconceptions involve: (1) surface structure deviations and academic achievement; (2) surface fluency and "English Proficiency"; (3) bilingual language proficiency and instruction; and (4)…