Draws together central research on scientific problem solving and scientific documentation from a number of fields and demonstrates its latent potential for a general theory of citing. Examines the interdisciplinary field of diffusion research and empirical composition studies dealing with the act of citing. Concludes with a preliminary outline of…

The history of organized research units suggests that they have played an important role in the reorientation of university research toward applied knowledge. This has allowed American universities to expand parts of their research commitments in response to social demands without significantly affecting their fundamental educational mission. (MSE)

Surveys studies on bibliometrics and related subjects in Japan, classifying them into studies on bibliometrics and applications of bibliometrics. Examines applications of fuzzy set theory to document retrieval using bibliometric techniques. Emphasizes the models and methods used in common between bibliometrics and other fields of science. (SR)

Thirteen articles in this special issue discuss aging theories, biomarkers of aging, aging research, disease, cancer biology, Alzheimer's disease, stress, oxidation of proteins, gene therapy, service delivery, biogerontology, and ethics and aging research. (SK)

Nursing researchers need to determine whether their priorities are congruent with societal need. Increased interaction with the public can provide vital decision-making data and inform debate on public financial support for research. (SK)

While fact/value separation has wide support as a strategy for resolving science and technology controversies, both the possibility and desirability of separating facts from values have been challenged by recent work in science and technology studies. As debate has refined the issue, it is generally accepted that many aspects of scientific work…

Defines artificial intelligence (AI) and discusses its history; the current state of the art, research, experimentation, and practical applications; and probable future developments. Key dates in the history of AI and eight references are provided. (MBR)

Addresses questions regarding the possible control of universities by the government through rules requiring reporting for 100 percent of the work of scientists supported by the government. Reviews the project grant system and discusses accounting mistakes and abuses within the system, the agency role, indirect costs, and alternatives. (CS)

Presents a survey of the scientific basis for single crystals production, discussing some of the theoretical and experimental advances in the area. Future prospects for semiconductors, magnetic lasers, nonlinear optics, piezoelectrics, and other crystals are surveyed. (Author/CS)

Describes how physicists are zeroing in on a unified field theory. The contributions of particle physicists and a glossary for new particles are also presented. (HM)

Describes major changes that have occurred in the chemical industry over the last 50 years including trends in the development of products and processes, changes in chemical manufacturing, the globalization of business, and modifications of research laboratory practices. Discusses implications for chemistry education and predictions for future…

Discusses collaboratories, defined as Internet-mediated science in which scientists are connected to each other, to instruments, and to data, independent of time and location. Explores past and current collaboratory efforts, including K-12 collaboratories, to identify factors that predict success and failure, and assesses directions for future…

This data brief reports on statistics related to the federal academic science and engineering obligations. The data is presented in one chart and two tables that provide information on federal science and engineering and science and engineering research and development obligations during the fiscal years 1986-1996, federal academic science and…

The process of getting one's research approved by an Institutional Review Board (IRB) is detailed in this paper. The article discusses the typical information expected in an IRB proposal and it describes an IRB's role in evaluating a proposed research project, including ethical and scientific questions. The paper focuses on the advantages that…

Describes research on the causes, treatments, and diagnoses of autism. Describes a statewide outpatient program in North Carolina which includes elements of behavior modification, developmental assessment, problem-oriented goal setting, community support, and the training of both child and parent. (Author/DS)