Based on a literacy interdependence theory, uses findings from the Ramirez et al. study on programs for Spanish-speaking, limited-English-proficient students to refute theories opposing bilingual education. Expresses concern that all three program types in the Ramirez study reflect transmission models of pedagogy in which students have little…

Despite claims that structured immersion programs for language minority students cannot work for low-income students, two immersion projects with low-income Hispanic and Asian children worked; their effects appeared to endure even after students entered the mainstream. (BJV)

This paper reviews research conducted in the field of bilingual literacy from 1966 to June 1980. Citing numerous research works, it focuses on the contributions to the understanding of the development of English reading and writing skills by Hispanic pupils in the United States. Congress requires bilingual education programs to assist…