This paper looks at six theoretical approaches for understanding the underrepresentation of women in leadership positions and examines the theories' implications for affirmative action. The theories are as follows: (1) motivational and attitudinal models; (2) sex-role socialization; (3) sex-typed jobs and internal labor markets; (4) the constraint…

This analysis examines when and how the state facilitated or repressed the emergence and success of the Women's Liberation Movement for the period between 1900 to 1975. The Feminist Movement has placed women's issues on the agenda, but that does not mean that they have been successful. Examples of the kinds of efforts the state is currently…

Stating that women workers generally earn less than their male colleagues, this article examines these inequities as experienced by library employees, noting job evaluation studies, library-based comparable worth studies, and federal response in Canada and the United States. Organizations to contact for help are listed and two footnotes are…

Gender neutral public policies are those that are either silent on the question of the existence of significant gender differences or incorporate a perspective which mandates that such differences be ignored. Prominent voices today contend that gender neutrality favors males and have held the male standard as the one for which women should aspire.…

Vocational schools are an excellent breeding ground for entrepreneurs. In addition to such programs as the Free Enterprise Project at the Auburn Career Center (Lake County, Ohio), some vocational schools, including Auburn, offer optional, short-term entrepreneurial programs. Entrepreneurship training in secondary educational institutions is…

Newly discovered transcriptions of 87 of First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt's women-only press conferences held from 1933 to 1945 make possible an examination of the objectives, topics, and value of these conferences. By holding the conferences, Mrs. Roosevelt attributed to women an important function in the political communication process, and at the…

Societal changes have caused new directions for research on interest measurement. Specifically, the woman's movement of the early 1970s with the resultant awareness of sex inequities in the U.S. occupational distribution, has encouraged changes in gender-free occupational titles and equal endorsements by sex within scales of item pools and revised…

Reviews recent gains and continuing problems in women's employment and in sex equity in education (curriculum, materials, and personnel). Part of a theme issue on women in education. (SJL)

This document contains three reports: (1) a report on women entrepreneurs in Ireland in English; (2) the same report in French; and (3) a synthesis report of 12 national reports and 4 related reports. The report on women entrepreneurs in Ireland includes an introduction, a description of the methodology, a summary of the main findings, two major…

This report examines the situation of the one-half of the nation's nine million working poor who are female. It begins by looking at just who the working poor are. Two areas of study are education levels and types of jobs. The discussion then shifts to minimum wage earners and their characteristics, the current status of the minimum wage, and the…

Discusses how gender differences in the value of pay, based on relative deprivation theory, explain women's paradoxical contentment with lower wages. Presents a model of pay satisfaction to integrate value-based and comparative-referent explanations of the relationship between gender and pay satisfaction. Discusses economic approaches to the…

This volume includes revised presentations and commentaries from a workship to review evidence for various theoretical explanations for occupational segregation and to report empirical research to enlarge understanding of the topic. An introduction summarizes contents. In part I five chapters on the extent of and trends in segregation document a…

This overview of women in the work force indicates the need for increased attention to the career development of women and their attainment of equal status in the world of occupations and work. Continuing occupational segregation and salary differentials, sociological analysis of the male bias in occupational status analyses, psychological…

This publication presents six primary tools employers can use to narrow or eliminate pay gaps in their workplaces. After each tool is a discussion of the problem and examples of "best practices" by employers that have won the Department of Labor's Opportunity 2000 and EVE (Exemplary Voluntary Efforts) awards. The report is divided into six tools:…

Passage of the Career Education Incentive Act of 1977 requires reexamination of education and training policies and programs to eliminate sex bias and stereotyping in education and occupations. Steps toward implementing the provisions of the act include improving guidance practices, changing recruitment practices and curriculum, and expanding…