This literature review was undertaken in 2019 with the goal of examining the health effects of screen time exposure on school-aged youth. With the COVID-19 outbreak in early 2020, and the subsequent requirement for many students to learn online, concerns about youth exposure to screens only became more pronounced. Now, more than ever, it is vital…

This article reviews the current problem of low calcium intake in the United States among all age groups, the role of calcium in the formation and maintenance of bone mass, and major factors influencing absorption. Osteoporosis is discussed, and current recommendations for Recommended Dietary allowance are provided. (Author/MT)

A review of historical and research literature presents various perspectives on the growing controversy surrounding the use of vitamin and mineral supplements to maintain good health and for preventive health care. Several points are made in opposition to many health professionals' opinions that most nutritional supplements are unnecessary.…

The roles of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and fiber in producing energy for health and exercise are discussed. Long-distance runners should have a high intake of complex carbohydrates and fiber. (PP)

Part 1 of this evaluation of dietary supplements and health aids (SE 533 788) focused on various therapeutic claims made for vitamins and minerals. This part examines health-promoting claims made for selected macronutrients and fiber. Macronutrients examined include selected proteins, amino acids, enzymes, carbohydrates, and lipids. (JN)

On the average, the diet of the elderly in this country is adequate, except possibly in total caloric intake and the intake of calcium. Many deficiencies may exist in specific ethnic, demographic, and economic subpopulations. A number of factors might enter into causing these general and specific problems, of which drug-to-drug and drug-to-food…

A review of Dr. Weston Price's work on the nutritional practices of "primitive" peoples and their subsequent levels of physical development shows that animal fats and cholesterol are not villains but vital factors in the diet, necessary for normal growth, proper functioning of the brain and nervous system, protection from disease, and…

This chapter reviews the research on promoting healthy dietary behaviors in all youth, not just those who exhibit problems such as obesity or eating disorders. The first section of this chapter presents a rationale for addressing healthy dietary behavior with children and adolescents, on the basis of the impact of these behaviors on short- and…

Reviews the prevalence, natural history, causes, impact on performance, diagnosis, and treatment of iron deficiency in adolescent and young adult athletes. All athletes should be screened and treated. The best diagnosis involves determining serum ferritin and hemoglobin levels. Treatment requires therapeutic doses of oral ferrous iron for several…

Though leanness in athletes is often a natural state, it can pose long-term liability to some athletes' performance and/or health. The physician must determine when leanness is reason for clinical concern. Athletes who do not eat enough to sustain training must either reduce the exercise load or increase nutritional intake. (Author/SM)

A selective review of literature on the effects of nutrition and malnutrition on educational achievement is presented. Interpretive critiques of studies focus on three areas: (1) the effects of early undernutrition and subsequent intellectual function and school progress; (2) the relationship between the nutritional status of the student and…

Diabetes among American Indians has become epidemic since World War II, due to dietary changes and a possible genetic predisposition. Innovative community-based programs teach prevention and management of diabetes through exercise, diet, and blood sugar monitoring. Traditional American Indian lifestyles and diets prevented diabetes. Sidebars…

This four-part book is a compendium of current dietary information and is designed primarily as a reference tool for anyone interested in the field of nutrition. The book's first three parts each contain papers generated from nutrition-related research. Part 1, "Dietary Directions in the 1980s," begins by discussing efforts of major governmental…