A study examined the effects of academic and nonacademic mainstreaming on mildly retarded boys' expectancy of success and outerdirectedness. Children were asked to perform tasks concerning probability learning and imitation. Findings point to the difficulty of drawing conclusions about the effects of mainstreaming and to the importance of…

Retention, the practice of requiring a child to repeat a particular grade, is often presented as the answer for poor academic or behavioral performance in school. To explore the effectiveness of this approach, the long-term impact of retention is discussed here. The paper focuses on students who were retained in kindergarten and these students'…

Studies done in the 1960s and 1970s which sought to compare middle schools with junior high schools were ineffective. Intended to fill the frequently noted research void in the middle school movement, this monograph summarizes previous research on the effectiveness of middle level schools and presents results of a 1993 study on middle schools…

To determine the effectiveness of magnet middle school programs, a search was initiated for documents from magnet school evaluations. In addition, some students who had attended magnet middle schools were interviewed about their experiences. Most evaluations of magnet middle schools were reports written for local school boards. Evaluations were…

This review of the literature on the current state of parent and community involvement looks at the programs and practices, and their effects, in the research and practice literature, especially since 1980. The review explores past history and offers a contemporary view of the policies, trends, and factors that provide an understanding for the…