Leadership in higher education is fundamental for institutional development and sustainability in today's rapidly changing world. The academic department is a fundamental unit for transforming the university's visions and goals into reality. The vigorous contribution of each department, which depends in turn largely on the effectiveness of the…

This review of research was prompted by the widespread belief that at least in a significant number of secondary schools, department heads are an underutilized, if not untapped, source of instructional leadership, the type of leadership critical to secondary-school improvement initiatives. Forty-two methodologically diverse empirical studies were…