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On the Distinctions of Item Learning vs. System Learning and Receptive Competence vs. Productive Competence in Relation to the Role of L1 in Foreign Language Learning.
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Ringbom, Hakan – 1983
Formal and functional similarities in a learner's first and second languages (L1 and L2) facilitate the perception of cross-linguistic equivalence between individual items (phonemes, morphemes, words, and phrases). The beginning foreign language learner makes frequent use of these perceived equivalences when he learns to understand L2 items. This…
Descriptors: Associative Learning, Audiolingual Skills, Encoding (Psychology), Language Research