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Direct linkLakin, Joni M. – Educational Assessment, 2014
The purpose of test directions is to familiarize examinees with a test so that they respond to items in the manner intended. However, changes in educational measurement as well as the U.S. student population present new challenges to test directions and increase the impact that differential familiarity could have on the validity of test score…
Descriptors: Test Content, Test Construction, Best Practices, Familiarity
Kettler, Ryan J. – Review of Research in Education, 2015
This chapter introduces theory that undergirds the role of testing adaptations in assessment, provides examples of item modifications and testing accommodations, reviews research relevant to each, and introduces a new paradigm that incorporates opportunity to learn (OTL), academic enablers, testing adaptations, and inferences that can be made from…
Descriptors: Meta Analysis, Literature Reviews, Testing, Testing Accommodations
