Visual images in introductory textbooks play an important role in constructing the concept of race for students entering the field of criminal justice/criminology. Prior studies on race depictions in criminal justice/criminology textbooks have focused on individual images depicting persons as criminal justice personnel, relating to type of crime…

One of the few facts agreed on in criminology is that most crimes are committed by younger persons. However, the age distribution of criminals is sufficiently invariant across a broad range of social conditions that one cannot use age distribution as a foundation for theories of crime. (Author/IS)

Theories of socialization have developed independently of established facts against which to measure their adequacy. Studies showing low levels of skin conductance and slow latency of response among criminals have supported a bio-social theory that criminals inherit neurological systems that impede reduction of fear and interfere with learning.…