Describes the role of textbooks in the development of student political attitudes and activities in Siberian elementary and secondary education between 1917-1931. Textbooks were used to reinforce communist values, to increase knowledge about industrial development and collective agricultural methods, and to orient students toward socially useful…

Describes the development of rural Siberian polytechnical education during the 1920s. To fulfill the demands of economic development and the need for relevant education, polytechnical education centers were set up to train students in hunting and fishing, agriculture, skilled trades, and meteorology, as well as teaching, social work, and…

Describes the development of Communist youth groups, the Young Pioneers, in Siberia during the 1920s and 1930s. The youth organizations became increasingly associated with the schools in promoting socially useful work. The press reinforced their popularity and stimulated student militancy. (AM)

Describes modifications in Siberian technical education (1952-56) to cope with technological and scientific advancements. Elementary and secondary schools implemented a Soviet policy mandating a rapid increase in scientific and technical education despite severe shortages in facilities and instructional materials. Often, students learned…

Presents the seventh chapter from Ele Monoszon's "The Establishment and Development of Soviet Pedagogy." Reviews publications of research done in Soviet educational history since the 1920s. Lists influential Soviet education historians and briefly describes their areas of concentration. (CH)

Describes developments in Siberian labor and technical education from 1956 through the mid-1960s. Schools implemented new policies by emphasizing technical education and agricultural productivity. Elementary and secondary students received practical experiences in workshops and training farms. Insufficient theoretical training and scarce…

Discusses the 60-year history of Soviet pedagogical science which was born of the 1917 October revolution. Strong aspects have been the relevance of education and the improvement of labor and polytechnical training. Soviet pedagogy has been subdivided into various fields and its research sphere has been expanded. (AM)

Describes two model four-year primary schools established in Siberia in the 1920s to help train teachers in new teaching methods. Demonstrations and field trips were utilized and clubs were organized. To make education relevant, newspapers were used. (AM)

Policies in Chinese education, especially higher education, have undergone major shifts since 1949 in response to general swings in Chinese policy, ideological debates, and leaders. The shifts have been between education as a party device to sustain revolutionary values and education as a government instrument to promote modernization. (MSE)

Describes the public education system implemented in Siberia and Eastern Kazakhstan from 1917 to 1931. Discussed are curricula, teaching methods, and extracurricular work. All students were required to make practical applications of the knowledge acquired at school. (AM)

The initiation of a national examination system in the People's Republic of China has had a marked impact upon educational policies. An historical overview of the Chinese educational system, the nature of the national examination, and implications of curricular change are used to support the assumption that curricular change can have profound…

Describes the complete reorientation of Siberia's educational system toward military preparedness during World War II. At all levels, every educational activity contributed to the defense effort, including practical military training, technical education and production, and patriotic cultural activities. (AM)

Describes the Siberian labor and technical educational system as it changed to meet national needs through World War II up to 1956. According to Soviet policy, the schools' main goals were to train students at all levels in practical and socially useful skills and to increase agricultural production. (AM)

Explores China's experience in developing higher education alternatives as a means to resolve contradictions between a revolutionary ideology of mass participation and the natural exclusiveness of conventional higher education. Describes six official and several unofficial forms of alternative higher education serving specific populations or…

This chapter reviews the history of literacy training in Romania through the pretotalitarian period (1890-1945), the totalitarian period (1945-1989), and the posttotalitarian period (1989-present). Current literacy development efforts face many challenges including the facts that 592 classrooms do not have indoor plumbing, that more than 1,700…