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Approaches for Strengthening Causal Inference Regarding Prenatal Risk Factors for Childhood Behavioural and Psychiatric Disorders
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Lewis, Sarah J.; Relton, Caroline; Zammit, Stanley; Smith, George Davey – Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2013
Background: The risk of childhood behavioural and psychiatric diseases could be substantially reduced if modifiable risk factors for these disorders were identified. The critical period for many of these exposures is likely to be in utero as this is the time when brain development is most rapid. However, due to confounding and other limitations of…
Descriptors: Attribution Theory, Prenatal Influences, Comparative Analysis, Behavior Disorders
A Critical Review of the Research on the Extreme Male Brain Theory and Digit Ratio (2D:4D)
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Teatero, Missy L.; Netley, Charles – Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2013
Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The extreme male brain (EMB) theory of ASD suggests that fetal testosterone (FT) exposure may underlie sex differences in autistic traits. A link between the organizational effects of FT on the brain and ASD is often drawn based on research using digit ratio…
Descriptors: Brain, Literature Reviews, Meta Analysis, Males
Research Review: Maternal Prenatal Distress and Poor Nutrition--Mutually Influencing Risk Factors Affecting Infant Neurocognitive Development
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Monk, Catherine; Georgieff, Michael K.; Osterholm, Erin A. – Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 2013
Background: Accumulating data from animal and human studies indicate that the prenatal environment plays a significant role in shaping children's neurocognitive development. Clinical, epidemiologic, and basic science research suggests that two experiences relatively common in pregnancy--an unhealthy maternal diet and psychosocial…
Descriptors: Mothers, Prenatal Influences, Cognitive Development, Pregnancy
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and the Developing Socio-Emotional Brain
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Niccols, Alison – Brain and Cognition, 2007
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is currently recognized as the most common known cause of mental retardation, affecting from 1 to 7 per 1000 live-born infants. Individuals with FAS suffer from changes in brain structure, cognitive impairments, and behavior problems. Researchers investigating neuropsychological functioning have identified deficits in…
Descriptors: Behavior Problems, Mental Retardation, Hyperactivity, Brain
Fetal Brain Behavior and Cognitive Development.
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Joseph, R. – Developmental Review, 2000
Presents information on prenatal brain development, detailing the functions controlled by the medulla, pons, and midbrain, and the implications for cognitive development. Concludes that fetal cognitive motor activity, including auditory discrimination, orienting, the wake-sleep cycle, fetal heart rate accelerations, and defensive reactions,…
Descriptors: Brain, Cognitive Development, Emotional Development, Learning
Sex and Cognition.
Kimura, Doreen – 1999
This book describes the major differences between men and women in cognitive or problem-solving abilities and discusses the possible biological contributions to such differences. The book argues that sex differences in cognitive patterns and in motor skills arose out of complementary evolutionary histories of men and women and that evidence for…
Descriptors: Adults, Biological Influences, Brain, Cognitive Development