Examines proposals to establish national test/testing system as administrative, policy mechanism to foster good teaching and learning, monitor student progress, help in college admission and employment decisions, and monitor progress toward national goals. Notes that history of testing as administrative mechanism suggests that linking of important…

This paper examines the history of school governance in the U.S. It discusses four major shifts in education governance that have occurred over the past 150 years, describing how control was firmly anchored in local communities throughout most of the 19th century. By the end of the century, Americans decided that schooling should serve public…

In order to determine why community control groups and low income people have been excluded from power, this study describes and analyzes in detail the politics of education in a typical New York City public school district. (Author/JLF)

The history of football is traced as it evolved from the English game of rugby. The game as it is known today was conceived only after a long series of changes. Three prominent reasons for the change were: to make football more interesting to the spectator; to balance the competition between offense and defense; and to modify the dangerous…

Seeks to revise the view that the establishment of a national school medical service pursuant to the 1907 Administrative Provisions Act perpetuated a hidden agenda of Robert Morant. Traces the origins of the bill, and presents evidence disputing the claim that Morant can be credited with the bill. Includes political controversies generated over…

This broad historical survey assesses Japan's efforts to overcome dilemmas endemic to all modern school systems in industrialized societies. The book describes efforts to strike a balance between equality and excellence, individual creativity and team cooperation, standardization and innovation, and internationalism and cultural identity in the…

A study of American history revealed trends linking women's entry into higher education with economic and social factors that have shaped American life. Coeducation began at Oberlin College (Ohio) in 1837 when women were admitted as degree candidates to the same academic courses as men. Industrialization, westward expansion, the growth of public…

The primary thrust of this research project was to explore the history of federal government drug control enactments and organizations in the United States. The purpose of this exploration was to assess how the federal government's past drug control record shapes the future of public school drug prevention programs. Drug enforcement, prevention,…

This article examines the evolution of informal rules that guided urban school authorities in dealing with difficult pupils. It argues that special classes, special curricula, and lowered promotion standards served to preserve school order after the establishment of mandatory attendance laws. (JDH)

This paper examines admission policies and practices in U.S. colleges and universities, examining practices from colonial and ante-bellum colleges to advances made beginning in 1870, when entrance requirements were influenced by the transformation of colleges into universities. These 19th century changes were the forerunner of waves of reform in…

Since 1874, American colleges and universities have developed large, competitive intercollegiate sports programs, celebrating and justifying them in terms of distinctive American beliefs about connections between sports, education, and social mobility. This essay attempts to break the silence of American faculties concerning their schools'…

Traces the development and decline of communism and radical politics in Sheridan County, Montana, 1918-34. Examines conflicts that split the community into conservative and radical camps (primarily townspeople and farmers, respectively); the school and school board as defenders of conservative morality; intrusions of politics into children's…

A review of the relationship of law and academe covers the legal implications of social and educational change, the dichotomy between public and private and between secular and religious institutions, and preventive legal planning. (MSE)

Analyzes the party politics of religious education within the London School Board in the 1890s. Concentrates on the parliamentary struggle between two London School Board members: Edward Stanley (Progressive Party) and Joseph Diggle (Conservative Party) over the role of religion in education. Includes reactions of the Australian public to the…

Discusses Eduard Spranger's 1933 resignation from the University of Berlin from the internal perspectives of the Ministry of Culture and Spranger himself. Examines how his resignation influenced his subsequent philosophical reflections. Argues Spranger's conflict with university policy resulted in both his political distance from Nazism and a…