Since 1872, legislation has required that some education be provided for all Scottish children. Legislation affecting the schooling of mentally handicapped children since then is discussed. A trend away from institutionalization toward more localized and individualized treatment is noted. Despite progress, problems exist in training teachers and…

The cultural, educational, and intellectual development of Turkey is discussed. Emphasis is on John Dewey's effort in the 1920's to help the Turkish government advance the educational reform projected by Mustafa Kemal Ataturk as an integral element of his transformation of Turkey into a modernized, Westernized, secularized state. (RM)

A social question faced by Latin American countries when they gained their independence from Spain was that of education. An extreme example of the difficulties encountered can be found in Paraguay where education was affected by the events of independence and by a new phenomenon, the Spanish American dictator. (RM)

In 1949, 17 Japanese women educators attended a training course to discuss the issues of coeducation and counseling in a society undergoing broad social reforms. They talked freely about their deepest feelings and personal struggles over two decades of economic depression, war, and military occupation. (RM)

Lowenfeld was incorrect in equating the work of Cole with that of Franz Cizek, the Viennese art educator. Despite similarities in rhetoric, their teaching approaches and careers in art education were very different. Cole's emphasis on freeing the individual, her California exuberance, and holistic approach are more reminiscent of Isadora Duncan.…

King Carol II of Rumania, who ruled from 1930-40, is generally regarded as a failure, but one area in which he succeeded was cultural activities. He established a cultural foundation and consolidated several others which concentrated their efforts on studying and improving village life, scientific research, and publishing. (IS)

The Irish educational system in the period following Irish independence was heavily influenced by the Rev. Timothy J. Corcoran. Rejecting any sort of child-influenced curriculum, he called for a rigid classics-based education based on Catholic dogma with maximum emphasis on memorization and repetition rather than on inquiry. (IS)

Traces educational trends in the Netherlands from the 16th century to the present. Characterizes Dutch education in the 19th and 20th centuries as a system of quality, comprehensiveness, and thoroughness. Contemporary trends include bilingual education, modernization, politicization in higher education, emphasis on lifelong learning, and…

The theoretical framework proposed here treats political alienation as a normal outcome of the incompatability between egalitarian goals and social inequalities in democratic systems. The framework is applied to the role of education in the United States, a stable democracy, and in West Germany, an emergent democracy. (Author/SJL)

The author describes historical stages in educational theory: conservative tradition (1879-1904); progressivism (1904-1929); and conservative reaction (1929-1954). For the period since 1954, he considers the conflict between positivism and radical dissent, and the new ecological consciousness of education as part of wider social and political…

Identifies similarities and differences in the French and British models of colonial education in sub-Saharan Africa. Draws on the statements of policymakers in official reports and government studies to highlight the "signposts" of colonial educational policy--phrases referring to policy goals and to moral claims and cultural…

Analyzes the role of higher education in China and Taiwan as an agent of both political socialization and economic modernization in the context of economic and social transformations, 1949-95. Examines how cultural traditions, a national belief system, nation building, and foreign relations help maintain a 200-year-old tension between…

Flaws in the literature regarding the use of schools by German Roman Catholics in Western Canada as vehicles to perpetuate the German language and Catholic religion are pointed out and corrected. The educational system in St. Peter's colony was not uniform, as portrayed by many scholars, but pluralistic. Three types of schools were in use--two…

The early development of university legal education in England, the United States, and Germany is examined. Focus is on: (1) the different historical and social processes that have brought law and higher education together and (2) examination of a more general, comparative nature about the institutional transformation of legal education in these…

Adam Smith used selections from English literature in his classroom during the eighteenth century because he believed that vernacular literature could provide a ready context for the teaching of ideological, social, and moral lessons. He believed that higher education should prepare students for the real business of the real world. (RM)