The economic evolution of American women from the colonial era to 1984 is examined. The labor-scarce environment of the colonial era gave women access to any occupation they wished, e.g., field work, household manufacturing. With the Industrial Revolution, 1820-1865, the role of women changed. Industrialists hired women because they would work for…

The issue of choice in U.S. education is traced historically. Consideration is given to the purposes of publicly supported education and reasons underlying the historic distinction between public and private education. It is suggested that the issue of choice concerns the rights and obligations of the individual and the state. The relationship…

This book is about the Portuguese who immigrated from the Azores Islands to the United States during the years 1800-1870, 1870-1920, and 1957-1982. The earliest Portuguese immigrants were employed in the whaling industry, and settled in New England and California. Another major concentration can be found in the Hawaiian Islands, where they were…

The foundation and development between 1850 and 1900 of English "redbrick" colleges, also referred to as civic universities, are considered. Colleges were successfully established in Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, and other cities. The history of these colleges is considered in order to provide tentative conclusions about the origins of…

Contradictions in the literature abound concerning Franz Cizek's role in fostering creative art. Researchers should turn to student recollections to determine what Franz Cizek's contribution to art education really was. A former Cizek student who today is prominent in design work is interviewed. (RM)

It is of special importance at this time that students in foreign countries who may be seeking educational opportunities in the United States should have accurate information as to what institutions in this country have to offer. For this reason, Dr. Samuel Paul Capen, specialist in higher education in the Bureau of Education was asked to prepare…

This bulletin contains a report prepared by President Hadley of Yale University on the facilities for advanced study and research in the offices of the National Government at Washington. Especial interest attaches to this publication. It sets forth, in compact form, information which has frequently been sought by institutions and individuals…

UNESCO is the abbreviation commonly used for the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural organization, of which 42 countries are now members. The purpose of Unesco, as set forth in its Constitution, is "to contribute to peace and security by promoting collaboration among the nations through education, science and culture in order to…

The report is based upon base-year data collected in "High School and Beyond," NCES's national longitudinal survey of sophomores and seniors in spring 1980. Gainful employment is prevalent among high school youth. During the week prior to the spring 1980 survey, 63.2 percent of the seniors and 42.1 percent of the sophomores had been…

Outlines the history of medical education for Blacks in the U.S. from 1850 to the present. Reports recent data on minority group participation in medicine and other health professions, and mentions a number of programs designed to increase such opportunities. (GC)

From 1870 to 1975, three types of school administrators were identified: the plateau administrators who remained at initial entry level assignments; vertical aspirants who actively sought advancement; and place-holders who began as vertical aspirants but for one reason or another were placed in non-decision-making positions. (Author/GDC)

Discusses errors in appraisals of African-Americans' economic progress in recent history, in order to show that African-Americans have made little progress toward achieving economic equality. Considers the changing roles of African-American and European American women in the labor market as vital to interpreting economic status trends. (JS)

Presents historical overview of Black women's battle against the dual forces of sexism and racism. Reviews the history of affirmative action. Provides summaries of articles contained in this special issue. The articles concentrate on community, economic/social, and education issues in relation to Black women and affirmative action. (JS)

Examines the policy in parts of Scotland, 1915-45, requiring women teachers to resign on marriage, and discusses social ideologies and religious influences. Analyzes interviews with 17 women who had taught during that period, and reveals some unexpected results of the marriage bar. Contains 12 references. (SV)

Evaluates competing theories about strained Black-Jewish relations. Discusses Edna Bonacich's (1973) explanation for Jewish attainment of middleman positions and indicates why this generates anti-Jewish sentiment. Demonstrates that Bonacich's sojourner theory cannot provide a foundation for the analysis of the behavior of Jewish immigrants to the…