Examines the relationship between the state and education in Portugal during periods of modernization, dictatorship, revolution, and democratization from 1926-81. Discusses the role of education, problems faced by education and other ideological systems, and the relationship between education and national development in each historical period. (SV)

Recounts some experiences of African-Caribbean children in Leicester (England) schools in the 1960s and 1970s. Argues that these can be understood in relation to cultural attitudes and the policies of the Local Education Authority, which were, in turn, related to government policies of the time. (DSK)

Demonstrates that nationalist pressure, especially from the Gold Coast (Ghana), was the crucial force behind the British Colonial Office's decision to promote higher education in Anglophone West Africa. It places the issues of establishing African universities into the context of an evolving colonial policy of neocolonialism. (SLD)

Historically, Mexican education for indigenous children has reinforced linguistic ethnocide and assimilation in inefficient schools of low educational quality. Assimilationist policies generated interethnic, political, and economic conflicts. Recent constitutional changes resulted in minimal changes nationally, but a recent Oaxacan law protects…

The interest of U.S. presidents in public education has grown increasingly intense since World War II. This has been due largely to the nation's emergence as an international economic and political power, and a corresponding demand for an educated workforce. This paper surveys presidential administrations from Franklin Roosevelt to George Bush in…

A feminist newspaper, "The Revolution," published between 1868 and 1870 filled a void in the popular press of the time, proclaiming the necessity of equal rights for women in all areas of life. Owned by Susan B. Anthony and edited by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, the paper repeatedly emphasized the importance of education of women. Four major themes…

This study provides a comprehensive history of state education in England and Wales and asks why state education was delayed longer in these two countries than in other developed nations. Section 1 provides a history of early church and private schools and traces Britain's educational development up to the reforms of 1988. From the year 600 to…

The educational policy for the schools of the black noncitizen group residing within the Canal Zone is the subject of this study. The time period examined covers roughly the first half of the twentieth century. In the first chapter the significance, relevance, and limitations of the study are discussed. The second chapter describes the…

This article emphasizes the following points concerning policies of the Detroit Board of Education: (1) conflicts over religion and education have been part of politics since 1842; (2) these conflicts were political rather than consitutional; and (3) until 1948 decisions regarding religion were based on "institutional" considerations…

Describes attempts by the Bureau of Indian Affairs to gain public approval of its policies by presenting school exhibits at world's fairs and expositions from 1893-1904. Explains that although the exhibits touted achievements of assimilation education, they unwittingly added to the growing interest in traditional native life and customs. (NEC)

The fact that most elementary school teachers are female provides a key to understanding why there are often attempts by state bureaucrats, industry, and academics to control the curricular and teaching practices in classrooms. It also explains why these externally derived controls are often transformed by teachers once they are in their…

The election of Ronald Reagan to President in 1980 marked the political zenith of modern American conservative ideology in the 20th century. This book presents a historical analysis of conservative ideology and its influence on federal school policies during Reagan's first administration, 1981-1984. It examines various conservative social agendas…

Both formal and nonformal schooling have failed to bring about economic change in developing countries. Assumptions guiding both types of education are shaped by capitalist or socialist myths that are deeply rooted in Western culture. Underdeveloped countries must invent their own myths to effect change through education. (PP)

The 1980-81 Polish upheavals included proposals for dramatic change in higher education. Taking advantage of momentum for change created by Solidarity and using strikes, academics, and students produced temporary changes sometimes representing complete policy reversals. Possible directions for Eastern European socialist higher education are…

Policies in Chinese education, especially higher education, have undergone major shifts since 1949 in response to general swings in Chinese policy, ideological debates, and leaders. The shifts have been between education as a party device to sustain revolutionary values and education as a government instrument to promote modernization. (MSE)