Anton Makarenko became a national hero for effecting education for communism in the 1920s. His book, "The Road to Life," is an artistic achievement and the most widely read and influential work on education in the Soviet Union. But Makarenko's legacy is more myth than model in present-day Russia. (Author/SJL)

Graduate medical education is defined as the phase that begins at graduation from medical school and ends after completion of the requirements for one of the specialty certifying boards. A chronology of events in the history of graduate medical education, 1844-1981, is provided. (MLW)

The author asserts that educational research in Britain has historically acted largely to ease implementation of policies already determined on political grounds and that this concern for "obvious relevance" resulted in a severe narrowing of research initiatives. He suggests that educational researchers take a more formative role in…

Background information about the first mathematics examinations given at Harvard in the academic year 1854-55 is given. The two instructors, Pierce and Eliot, responsible for the innovation are discussed. (MK)

Traditional a cappella choirs have greatly influenced choral music during the 20th century. The way in which this movement captured the attention of high school and college choral directors for approximately ten years, 1928-1938, is the subject of this article. (One of three articles about music in the 1930s.) (Author/SJL)

This article reviews the development, since 1900, of Irish educational history, with particular attention to the views and contributions of four historians: Timothy Corcoran, P. J. Dowling, J. J. Auchmuty, and D. H. Akenson. (SJL)

Traces the conceptual roots of the theory movement in educational administration, highlighting the ideas of Auguste Comte and the logical positivists. Explains how core concepts that shaped the theory movement were diffused into educational administration and sets forth implications for future study. (Author/WD)

The establishment of a School of Architecture at the University of Utah is traced. Problems encountered in founding the school are related and the development of a curriculum which reflected both the needs of the area and the individual members of the faculty is discussed. (PHR)

Prior to 1947 when the NAEA was founded, there were two other attempts to form a national art education association. This brief history deals with those two attempts, the Federated Council on Art Education (1925-1936) and its offspring, the National Association for Art Education (1935-1938). (Author)

Traces the history of the English elective curriculum from its roots in the 1890s to its flowering in the 1960s. (DD)

Examines the origins and traditions of college entrance examinations and traces their effects on the profession, including the impulse that led to the founding of the National Council of Teachers of English. (DD)

Discusses how Felix Adler's Ethical Culture School, through its innovative practices, impacts public education and settlement work, and plays a significant role in shaping the methodologies, practices, and content of educational drama in the United States from the inception of the field. Describes the use of story dramatization/storytelling,…

Outlines proposals regarding the issue of professional journalistic training made at several International Congresses of the Press that met in Europe from 1894 to 1908. (SR)

Describes the philosophy of adult educator Horace Kallen (1882-1974), who introduced the term cultural pluralism. Presents his vision of general and adult education integrating cultural pluralism, individualism, and the "American Idea." (SK)

Historical records from London hospitals in the late 19th-early 20th centuries were analyzed for their depiction of nursing trainees. Analysis reveals a strong emphasis on character traits rather than intellectual ability. In contrast, the literature of the last 3 decades shows a contemporary concern for nurses as knowledgeable doers. (Contains 31…