Chinese "people-managed schools" began in the 1940s as popular voluntary village schools providing flexible relevant education to rural peasants, but are regarded today as low status and low quality. This change reflects the Chinese Communist Party's incremental move away from both decentralized decision making and populist education to…

The California Mentor Teacher Program is unique among statewide mentor teacher initiatives in its size, longevity, stipends for mentor teachers, and the discretion it allows local education agencies. The shared perspectives of a mentor, a local administrator, and a state administrator trace the legislative and policy history of this program. (SLD)

Martin Robison Delany is remembered for his nationalist and political activities and philosophy, but he deserves a place among African American educators for his emphases on applied education, economic emancipation, and the education of black women. Delany highlighted deficiencies in the education available to blacks as he stressed the practical.…

Researches the history of the Virginia Plan for Dual Enrollment, reconstructing the evolution of dual-credit courses in Virginia. Traces the rationales for these programs, attempts to determine why certain decisions were made for the program in Virginia, and explores the impacts that the plan has had on students, faculty, and educational…

A sociointellectual profile is presented of the academic intelligentsia in tsarist Russia, including statistics that demonstrate the uniqueness of the educational structure and provide a basis for comparison with other national systems. The evolution of Russian educational institutions is shown to offer insight into the ways in which institutions…

Historical forces and factors affecting the development of Canada's bilingual programs for ethnic minorities include changing immigration policies, a decline in Anglo-conformism and growth in multiculturalism, fears about native language maintenance and second language learning, and language and cultural attitudes in second language learning. (MSE)

Analysis of interviews with 750 Navajos and Pueblos from 1967 to 1972 reveals several themes concerning Indian education: the boarding school versus the day school; the problems of learning English; the problem of getting a quality education and adequate teachers; and the family's involvement in the educational process. (NEC)

Difficulties in the Federal Republic of Germany illustrate the problems of transferring educational policy-making from national state authorities to local communities. Important initiatives in equalization of teacher pay and standardization of teacher training were attempted during 1970-1980, but did not achieve success. Political competition was…

This article provides a historical sketch of the role played by postgraduate certificate of education programs in the training of elementary and middle school teachers in England and Wales. Originating in the 1890s, the postgraduate certification programs were expanded in the 1950s and 1960s to meet an acute teacher shortage. (Author/PP)

Illustrates applicability of scientific scrutiny to secondary education by demonstrating how to relate to "natural" language instruction to student attainments, how variations in grading practices affect student performance, how knowledge gained in recitation is related to that gained in silent study, how to determine whether education…

Evangelical residential homes and intermediate care facilities in urban centers, professional clinical programs, and financial assistance from the federal government characterize three periods in the history of institutional response to pregnant and delinquent young women. Each period is analyzed in terms of funding sources, clientele, and…

Compares the work of two advisory committees: the Sixth Scottish Advisory Council on Education which produced the 1947 report, "Secondary Education," and the Committee Appointed to Survey Secondary Education in New South Wales (Australia), which produced the "Wyndham Report" in 1957. Concludes that the committee's relationship…

Canada Natives have experienced many educational changes. Their traditional education and culture were negated by Euro-Western schooling, leaving Aboriginal people in a deficit position without a strong voice for many years. Only recently have Aboriginal people strengthened their voice in calling for their cultural values and beliefs to be the…

The Scottish Council for the Training of Teachers (SCTT) was established in 1959 to serve as a coordinating body during a major reorganization of the system of teacher education. Describes and assesses the way in which the SCTT functioned, especially as an advisory body, with respect to the construction of new colleges of education in the 1960s.…

From 1949 to 1957, the Chinese Communist Party's language policy took a pluralistic approach. A Chinese-monopolistic language policy was dominant, 1958-77. A pluralistic approach was again adopted from 1977 to the present. The Chinese experience illustrates how language minorities everywhere must balance maintaining their home language with…