Policies in Chinese education, especially higher education, have undergone major shifts since 1949 in response to general swings in Chinese policy, ideological debates, and leaders. The shifts have been between education as a party device to sustain revolutionary values and education as a government instrument to promote modernization. (MSE)

A large number of potential army recruits were rejected during the Boer War as physically unfit. The health of school children became a matter of wide public concern, and out of this debate a new role emerged for physical education in State schools. (Author/SJL)

Describes the development of the national integrated online information network in the Republic of China. Highlights include a history of library and information automation in Taiwan, the coordination efforts of the central government, creation of the Chinese MARC format, and automation under the leadership of the National Central Library.…

Reviews the creation and evolution of ERIC, and describes changes being implemented in the system as a result of a recently concluded redesign study. Areas of change discussed include clearinghouse contract procedures, ACCESS ERIC, ERIC partners, and adjunct clearinghouses. Conclusions about the future of ERIC are offered. (five references) (CLB)

Discusses the wave of cocaine abuse that followed the drug's recommendation by the late nineteenth-century medical community as a cure all. Details drug addiction among ethnic and social groups at the turn of the century. Warns that drug epidemics have important social and legal consequences. Suggests legal pressure may alter the form of drug…

Describes the main aspects and objectives of continuing education for librarians in Brazil and emphasizes the need for improvement. The need for coordination and planning is discussed, and proposals for the establishment of a National Center for Brazil to plan, coordinate, and supervise continuing education for professional librarians are…

Narrates U.S. soil conservation history since the late eighteenth century. Discusses early practices such as contour plowing. Profiles individuals who promoted soil conservation and were largely responsible for the creation of the Soil Conservation Service. Explains the causes of erosion and how soil conservation districts help farmers prevent…

The Guaranteed Student Loan (GSL) program's current operations, legislative history, and growth are reviewed, along with research needs. GSLs are made by lenders to college students, and the federal government guarantees them and provides incentive payments to lenders and subsidy payments on behalf of students until loan repayment begins. Today,…

This volume, fourth in a series, is devoted to a study of the depression years of the 1930s, a crucial period in the history of the Hispanic land-grant-villages. It places northern New Mexico in a broad regional and national context, examining the major currents of social and political thought in American society that influenced Hispanic New Deal…

This chapter briefly describes the kinds of educational research centers active in France and the types of research they are conducting, then focuses on developments in the field of educational research from 1930 to the present and on the impact research has had on policy and innovations in recent years. In the section on history it is noted that…

The federal government's involvement in higher education is discussed, and the part that the national government has played in American history since colonial days is briefly traced. Four major points are made about developments before World War II: (1) the federal government exercised some role in higher education since the earliest days and has…

The tremendous surge of investment capital and research development enjoyed by television under the strong incentives provided by World War II probably resulted in the development of a commercially exploitable television system much earlier than would have been possible otherwise. Cooperation between government and industry in this research and…

The object of this study was to decode the expressive symbol systems attached to broadcasting in the 1920s and to come to an understanding of the significance of the new technology by exploring the utopian dimensions which were tacitly held by the market model, and expressed in a variety of ways by the men and women who were connected in some way…

This paper reviews the historical and legal context of the drive for greater equity in education, with a focus on racial equality. An overview of other papers in this series is also presented. The conclusion is drawn that although considerable progress has been made in achieving greater racial equity in education, much remains to be done. Blacks…

Although altered by government and religious sanctions since the establishment of reservations in 1878, the Omaha dance still serves as an obtrusive demonstration of tribal identity and cohesion for the Oglala and Sicangu Sioux. The dance achieved a high level of prominence as a successful celebration for petitioning supernatural protection in…