Modern educational research has its foundation in the fact finding techniques of the great educational organizers and administrators of the last century. Those individuals brought about the change from education administered in terms of tradition, to education administered in terms of knowledge. They created an atmosphere in education, accepting new ideas and encouraging innovation based on knowledge. That transition had to take place before the emerging new sciences, related to learning and development, could have their impact. This volume traces that transition through the following chapters: (1) American Builders of the Foundation for Educational Research; (2) New Lines of Scientific Discovery and Their Implications for Education; (3) Assessment and Evaluation; (4) Intelligence Tests and Their Impact on American Schools; (5) The Thorndike Sphere of Influence; (6) Judd and His Dream of a Psychology of School Subjects; (7) The Psychology of School Subjects; (8) Behaviorism and the Shadow of the Vienna Circle; (9) Child Development as a Basis for Education; (10) Economic Research and Education for Economic Change; (11) Research on Events in the Classroom; and (12) Recent Trends and Future Promises. (JD)