Between the years of 1916 and 1918 southern blacks began populating the urban centers of the north in a movement known as the "Great Migration." This movement was significant to the development of the black press, for it was during this period that the black press became a protest organ and rose to its greatest level of prominence and…

Research on economic and employment opportunities for men and women has not focused enough on structural features of the labor market. Structural features, which influence worker's capacities to translate their human resources into labor market achievements, include profitability of industries, strength of worker organizations, skill requirements,…

This essay discusses the severe limitations in employment opportunities for black women during the early 1900s. The collection of photographs depicts black women in the following occupations: (1) nursemaid; (2) fieldhand; (3) dairymaid; (4) laundress; (5) factory worker; (6) beautician; (7) business owner; (8) organization president; and (9)…

Despite contrary predictions, men have retained their near-monopoly of top positions in educational administration and have even replaced women where they had gained a toehold, as in elementary principalships. The pattern in education follows that in many complex white-collar organizations; horizontal and vertical segregation of male and female…

Women can benefit from sports activities across the entire continuum from play to professional. Women have been catapulted into serious sports training and have been able to contend for more sports opportunities due to the evolution of clothing reforms, more acceptable sports, the right to vote, and the right to control pregnancy. Women have…

At the beginning of the twentieth century one-third of black women worked; most did agricultural or domestic work. Gradually as employment benefits increased and anti-discrimination laws were enforced, work opportunities for black women became more varied and better paying. (VM)

Charlotte Hawkins Brown devoted her life to the building of the Palmer Memorial Institute from a small neighborhood elementary school to a high school and junior college for Blacks from across the nation. In addition, Brown became active in interracial organizing, women's club work, and efforts for racial advancement. (Author/GC)

The economic evolution of American women from the colonial era to 1984 is examined. The labor-scarce environment of the colonial era gave women access to any occupation they wished, e.g., field work, household manufacturing. With the Industrial Revolution, 1820-1865, the role of women changed. Industrialists hired women because they would work for…

Explores the implications of "City of Richmond v. Croson," the Supreme Court decision that found set-aside programs for minority businesses unconstitutional. Surveys the major Supreme Court racial discrimination rulings from "Dred Scott" to the present and finds them symptomatic of societal insensitivity to racial injustice and…

The relationship between education and broad changes in American society is explored in these chapters, most of which were previously published essays. The first part of the book examines families, schools, and the challenges of economic opportunity. Chapter 1 examines the relation between family and schooling in colonial 19th-century America,…

Examines the history of employed women from the Great Depression through World War II, highlighting efforts made in their behalf by people such as Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt, Frances Perkins, Mary Dewson, and Mary Anderson. Provides a selected bibliography of books and U.S. Department of Labor documents. (GEA)

On June 8, 1955, Dr. Alina M. Lindegren of the United States Office of Education, arrived in Bonn for a 6-week educational visit to the Federal Republic of Germany. When she mentioned that she had been on a similar mission to Germany in 1935 she was told, "Much has, happened since then. We believe you will find many changes." Much had…