Examines the connection between humanistic study and spirituality or ethical effects during three chronological periods of Christian humanism: Latin patristic, twelfth century, and sixteenth century Northern Europe. Topics discussed include study of pagan writings, classical study, linguistic skills involved in classical study, and church reform…

Discusses Columbus's motivation for his explorations. Argues that his ideas of geography and navigation were not novel but based on ancient and medieval sources. Claims that Columbus was motivated by a belief that his destiny was to carry Christianity to pagans, thereby ushering in the end of the world and final judgment. (DK)