This second of a two-part article focuses on the history of instructional design in the United States. Starting with its origins during World War II, major events in the development of instructional design are described. Factors affecting the field over the last two decades, including increasing interest in cognitive psychology, microcomputers,…

Because of the importance of community development in development strategies, both in Rhodesia and, more recently, Zimbabwe, this article looks at the concept in a historical perspective. In this perspective, three major phases can be identified: the period between 1890 and 1962; the period between 1962 and 1979; and 1980 to the present. (CT)

Discusses the history of the field of instructional design and technology in the United States. Includes a definition, major features, rational for using instructional design and technology as the label for the field, history of instructional media from 1900 to the present, effects media have had on instructional practices, and the effect…

The four sections of this paper outline changes in UNICEF programs from their inception in 1946 to recent initiatives circa 1983. The first section delineates shifts in program emphasis, showing how the organization's focus has moved from meeting the emergency needs of post-World War II European children toward addressing the long-term needs of…

Fifty years of innovative programming in what has come to be called resident outdoor education are traced in this volume which examines the evolution of resident outdoor education from its early beginnings to the present. The several authors of this book are leaders in outdoor education who have been intimately involved in the development of…

Reviews seven historical periods which characterize the development of counseling psychology as a profession. Within each period central professional issues, organized activities, theoretical developments, and research advancements are discussed. The societal context of each period is reviewed to examine social and economic forces on the…

Nursing leaders such as Florence Nightingale, Linda Richards, Mary Adelaide Nutting, and Annie Goodrich were all encouraged by mentors to develop professionally. Most successful professionals have had at least one mentor. (SK)

This book aims to provide a comprehensive history and analysis of the operation and evolution of Project Head Start. The volume consists of 23 original articles covering program history, the preschool education and developmental components of Head Start, and Head Start program development and evaluation. In Part One, the historical roots of Head…

The conference theme was Testing--Then and Now, based upon the assumption that psychometrists should review their origins and look forward to their future. In the area of intelligence testing, Nancy Bayley discussed the research that re-assessed previous concepts of the nature of intellectual growth and decline. Thelma Thurstone discussed new…

In 1965, as the University of Akron (Ohio) was approaching its centennial, it was decided to create two archival programs. One was the University Archives, which preserves records and other items dealing with the history and development of the institution. A different approach, but one that was closely intertwined with the University Archives, was…

Prepared for the 75th anniversary of the external studies program at the University of Queensland, this essay includes a brief introduction and an introductory account of the first four directors of the program. Background information provided in the introduction includes the establishment, educational philosophy, funding sources, and…

Notes similarities between certain aspects of the development of the natural language English and the artificial language FORTRAN. Discusses evolutionary history, grammar, style, syntax, varieties, and attempts at standardization. Emphasizes modifications which natural and artificial languages have undergone. Suggests that some modifications were…

Presents reprint of Chapter Six of "Social Reform and the Origins of Vocational Guidance," authoritative account of creation of National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA). Documents events leading to NVGA creation from National Society for Promotion of Industrial Education (NSPIE) conferences held in early 1900s and birth of the…

Provides overview of organizational development of school psychology in the 1960s that proceeded the founding of the National Association of School Psychologist (NASP). Offers an account of NASP's subsequent growth, accomplishments, and shortcomings. Based on address given at the 1993 NASP meeting. (Author/JDM)

Sketches the historical movement from orality to literacy, as described by Walter J. Ong, and discusses some general suggestions for teaching writing in a developmental sequence. (Author/GT)