The development of industrial arts education is shown from the standpoints of research, social efficiency, and technical competence. American education was transformed in response to sweeping social changes before and after the turn of the century. The article looks at these educational changes from kindergarten through secondary industrial…

The critical need for school reform cannot be separated from social reform. It is necessary, therefore, to go beyond the limited scope of curriculum modification to the process of learning how to take every element of an educational experience, raise it to a conscious level, and relate it to a universal struggle around a system of democratic…