"Ameryka-Echo" was one of the most popular Polish-language weeklies, published in the United States between 1889 and 1972. Its founder and owner, Antoni A. Paryski, consciously sought to transplant ideas of Polish Positivism to the Polish-American immigrant communities in the United States. Reading was a central concept of…

Programmable equipment innovations, precursors of today's technology, are examined, including the development of the binary code and feedback control systems, such as temperature sensing devices, interchangeable parts, punched cards carrying instructions, continuous flow oil refining process, assembly lines for mass production, and the…

Describes major changes that have occurred in the chemical industry over the last 50 years including trends in the development of products and processes, changes in chemical manufacturing, the globalization of business, and modifications of research laboratory practices. Discusses implications for chemistry education and predictions for future…

Selecting the eight big and small changes in Beida's history and describing them in chronological order provides the needed background for today's discussions on the Beida reform. I have already amply commented on the hundred years' of successes and failures of China's universities in my book "Ten Discourses on China's Universities"…

Outlines briefly the process by which the Fluxus community coalesced. Recounts the birthing of Something Else Press, Inc., and the transformation of aspects of the press' objectives into Printed Editions. Discusses the parallel concerns shared by Something Else Press and Fluxus publication activities as well as their divergent agendas and…

Contributes to the theoretical/methodological field of editorial history. Bases the study on Robert Darnton's successful work and analyzes "Os Sertoes" by Euclydes da Cunha. (PA)

Beginning with Blaise Pascal's adding machine (1642), a brief look is taken at mechanical computers, electronic developments, transistors, and first, second, and third generation computers. A glossary is appended. (KC)

Reviews the development of English dictionaries in general and the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) in particular. The discussion covers the decision by the Philological Society to create the dictionary, the principles that guided its development, the involvement of James Augustus Henry Murray, the magnitude and progress of the project, and the…

Provides background on the "Dictionary of National Biography" (DNB), whose first volume appeared in Great Britain in January 1885. Included are short biographies of George Smith (1824-1901), Sir Leslie Stephen (1832-1904), and Sir Sidney Lee (1859-1926), the three men responsible for the conception and completion of the DNB. (23…

Uses the work of novelist Peter Dickinson as the primary example in exploring the growth of novels in the last 25 years that ask questions about homo sapiens, questions which most adult readers are too afraid to face. (RS)

Traces the Stanislavski system for realism in acting from its origin within Moscow Art Theater, through its modification by Lee Strasberg and Elia Kazan in the Actor's Studio, to its use in modern American films. (JMF)

Discusses the controversies about the copyright question by focusing on a case between France and Portugal in the 19th century. (PA)

Chronicles rise of American trade publishing industry from end of Civil War to present. Topics covered include prominent publishers, publishing philosophy, careers in publishing, pre-World War I developments, librarianship and library education, new publishers, assertion of rights by authors, development of American economy, and impact of…

Labor-management cooperation to improve the quality of products and work life are traced to the early nineteenth century. Government activities in labor relations and experiments in industrial democracy in the United States and abroad are described. (SK)

Dazzled by the potential of model housing as a solution to Boston's housing problem after the Civil War, Henry Bowditch founded the Boston Co-operative Building Company. Details of the company's operation provides insight into the nature of the housing problem and the mind of the nineteenth-century housing reformer. (Author/RM)