The history of international education is intimately connected to the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union during the second half of the twentieth century. Graduate programs established at colleges and universities in the United States were the outgrowth of a need to create cosmopolitan experts, capable of demonstrating the…

Begins with a brief summary of contemporary thought about, and developments in, coeducation and the overlapping topic of girls' schooling in 19th-century Russia. Makes references to, and comparisons with, contemporary debates in England and the United States. Concludes by discussing developments in coeducation in the Stalinist period. (DSK)

Tsar Alexander I of Russia created a ministry of public education and promulgated laws to provide elementary and secondary schools and higher education institutions for all classes of the population. The public took a great interest in education and actively participated in the funding of schools at every level. (RM)

The expansion of schooling in the Russian countryside after 1864 brought basic education within the reach of the majority of peasants in the European heartland by the time of World War I. It is argued that this expansion was initiated by the purposeful self-activity of the anonymous peasant millions. (RM)