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Flynn, Robert J. – 1995
In this digest, "career counseling" refers to activities intended to improve individuals' ability to make career decisions. Studies have shown that career counseling helps individuals as much as well-developed psychological, educational, or behavioral interventions. But more studies are needed to explain this phenomenon; this digest…
Descriptors: Career Counseling, Career Education, Career Guidance, Careers
Torney-Purta, Judith; Schwille, John; Amadeo, Jo-Ann – 1999
This ERIC Digest reports on the origins, purposes, and methods of the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) Civic Education Study. In 1993, the General Assembly of the IEA decided to carry out a two phase study of civic education. The goal of the two phase study was to identify and examine in a comparative…
Descriptors: Citizenship Education, Citizenship Responsibility, Civics, Democracy
Hiebert, Bryan; Bezanson, M. Lynne – 1995
Career development in Canada has been gaining prominence over the past decade. This digest outlines the principles on which career development must remain focused. First, the meaning of "career success" needs to be reconceptualized. With companies downsizing, people need to be able to view themselves as successful, despite changing…
Descriptors: Career Counseling, Career Development, Career Education, Career Guidance