This study investigated two broad questions: (1) What are the trends evident in status studies of earth science education across the nation and in Virginia between 1964 and 1972 and how do the trends in the nation and in Virginia compare; and (2) With recommendations for pre-service education, in-service education, and certification requirements…

The Survey of Oceanic Attitudes and Knowledge (SOAK) was developed as a method of measuring knowledge and attitudes of tenth grade students and relating those attributes to the students' marine experiences. Fifteen coastal and fifteen inland schools in Virginia were randomly selected as sources of subjects for the study. Analyses of data from 787…