This paper, which presents the transcript of a working conference session on elementary and secondary education, explores the logic of scientifically-based evidence or research and strives to begin to understand both its definition as well as its intent. The paper also addresses how to begin to put this into practice and how to begin to suggest guidance. The paper focuses on trying to define what is scientifically-based evidence, what is its logic, what are its characteristics, what it is and what it is not. The contributions and contributors to the session are the following: "Welcome and Introduction" (Susan Neuman); "What Is Scientifically Based Evidence? What Is Its Logic?" (Valerie Reyna); "The Logic and the Basic Principles of Scientific Based Research" (Michael Feuer and Lisa Towne); "Research" (Stephen Raudenbush); "Math Education and Achievement" (Russell Gersten); "Implications for Scientific Based Evidence Approach in Reading" (Eunice Greer); "Safe and Drug-Free Schools" (Judy Thorne); and "Comprehensive School Reform" (Becki Herman). (NKA)