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| Achievement Gains | 3 |
| Change | 3 |
| Measurement Techniques | 3 |
| Reliability | 3 |
| Scores | 3 |
| Test Theory | 3 |
| Correlation | 2 |
| Error of Measurement | 2 |
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| Applied Psychological… | 3 |
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| Book/Product Reviews | 3 |
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Peer reviewedCollins, Linda M. – Applied Psychological Measurement, 1996
The clarification provided by Williams and Zimmerman on the reliability of gain scores is translated into recognizable patterns of change that tend to produce reliable or unreliable gain scores. The relevance of the traditional idea of reliability to the measurement of change is also discussed. (SLD)
Descriptors: Achievement Gains, Change, Measurement Techniques, Reliability
Peer reviewedHumphreys, Lloyd G. – Applied Psychological Measurement, 1996
The reliability of a gain is determined by the reliabilities of the components, the correlation between them, and their standard deviations. Reliability is not inherently low, but the components of gains in many investigations make low reliability likely and require caution in the use of gain scores. (SLD)
Descriptors: Achievement Gains, Change, Correlation, Error of Measurement
Peer reviewedWilliams, Richard H.; Zimmerman, Donald W. – Applied Psychological Measurement, 1996
The critiques by L. Collins and L. Humphreys in this issue illustrate problems with the use of gain scores. Collins' examples show that familiar formulas for the reliability of differences do not reflect the precision of measures of change. Additional examples demonstrate flaws in the conventional approach to reliability. (SLD)
Descriptors: Achievement Gains, Change, Correlation, Error of Measurement
