This paper examines the extent of and the mechanisms behind the penalty to motherhood in six European countries. Each country provides different levels of support for maternal employment allowing us to determine institutional effects on labour market outcome. While mothers tend to earn less than non-mothers, the penalty to motherhood is…

This article outlines the main features of the present pension insurance scheme in the Federal Republic of Germany, the proposals of the Commission of Experts to Study the Social Security Status of Women and Survivors, the prospects for their implementation, and the essential aspects of the reform. (CT)

An increased interest in the position of women, stimulated by increasing numbers of women in the labor force as well as the women's movement, has resulted in a reexamination of women's status under social security programs in many countries. Five case studies (Belgium, Federal Republic of Germany, France, Great Britain, and United States), which…

This collection of articles on technological change discusses female workers displaced by automation in Canada and Japan; robotics in German automobile manufacturing; union concerns about technology in Europe and Japan; privacy of personal data in Sweden; small business legislation in the United States; and productivity improvement in textile and…

Illustrates the role of the family in linking sociopolitical changes to adolescent development by outlining some differences in structures of families of East and West Germany. Synthesizes survey data on this topic. Areas discussed include family formation, unmarried couples and parents, maternal employment, public child care, divorce and…

Policy developments resulting from increased women's participation in the labor force are described for each of five European countries. The societal factors that led to the development of alternative policy models in these countries are analyzed. (Author/MC)

Using data collected in the current population surveys of 1958, 1965, and 1977, this report analyzes the changes that have occurred in the United States in the way women at work provide for the care of their children. Also addressed are issues that both the public and private sectors may encounter in future years; these specifically concern child…

Examines the intrusion of female employees into the traditionally male domain of office work from 1860 to 1914. Shows that sex-specific segregation was supported by a lack of training facilities for girls and by fact that these facilities supported the dominant sex-role structure. Focuses on the development of vocational schools for girls.…

Reports on two studies about vocational training in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). Finds that there is no uniform system of vocational training, but there are distinct segments with different objectives and different quality. Predicts that the West German system of vocational training will experience a loss of effectiveness unless it…

Small businesses have made a decisive contribution to the reconstruction and development of the German economy and society since World War II. The Federal Republic of Germany considers small-scale industry important and has granted tax relief and initiated a wide range of loan and guarantee programs for them. The Act against Restraints of…

Married women in the labor market are victimized all over the world, mainly because women's work-life cycle differs radically from that of men. During a review of recent research data and a fifteen-month study tour in nine communist and non-communist countries, it was found that working mothers continue to carry a double burden of home and child…

Studies effects of study abroad among 172 female and 217 male graduates in the United Kingdom, France, and the Federal Republic of Germany between 1980 and 1984. Finds study abroad expedites obtaining job interviews but was of little advantage in securing employment for either sex. Finds degree credential provides a competitive edge. (NL)

Based on a three-month visit by the author in mid-1987, this paper examines the experience of women in technical and vocational education in England, Sweden, and the Federal Republic of Germany. The observations are often compared to women's experience in Australia. Following an overview, the report summarizes general approaches to vocational…

Focusing on the changing roles and consciousness of women currently living in the Federal Republic of Germany, this report is organized under seven topical headings. The first section, "Women and Politics," comments on the increasing influence of women in local politics, with 36 women currently occupying the posts of Lord Mayor, Mayor,…

Many work-bound youths have poor work habits and poor basic skills in reading, writing, and mathematics. Many work-bound youths, especially minorities and females, spend their first years after school unemployed or job hopping, with consequent loss of training and productivity. These problems are becoming more serious because minorities and…