The adequate way to discuss problems of vocational education more generally is that taken by Resnick (1987). She feels that the relationship between general and vocational education, and their respective and common aims, problems, and restrictions, must be outlined primarily substantially and not only organizationally. Resnick tries to combine the political and organizational problems with research results from cognitive psychology and teaching-learning research. The Federal Republic of Germany has met the problem of vocational education through the dual system in which secondary students spend 3-4 days per week at a worksite and 1-2 days in a part-time school. The system does have its drawbacks, however. The problems can be classified in three steps: problems at the entrance into the system, problems within the system, and problems at the exit. Institutional recommendations to solve these problems include the need for government, local authorities, trade unions, and employers to agree to a solution and the requirement that vocational education be an independent part of the compulsory educational system. Content-oriented recommendations include the development of new interdisciplinary research strategies to reform vocational education in its content area. (YLB)