Enculturation is the degree to which a person adheres to the values and behaviors of an indigenous or ethnic culture. This study was conducted to develop the Enculturation Scale for Filipino Americans (ESFA). Items were generated from a literature review, interviews with 5 Filipino American academic experts, and a survey of 24 cultural informants.…

A 1995 study explored how high school students from four ethnic groups who have experienced disciplinary problems explain the causes, consequences, and potential resolutions of conflicts with their teachers. The answer to reducing behavior problems in ethnically diverse classrooms may be culturally responsive discipline undergirded by competence,…