In the current vernacular, co-education means the education of the sexes together within an institutional setting. Once a phenomenon, today, women enjoy nearly equal status on campuses that were at one time bastions of "maleness." Moreover, the counter-culture revolution of the late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, ushered in a new…

The nation and its public school enrollment are in the midst of dramatic racial change (Frey, 2001; Orfield, 2009). Soon, the nation's public schools will enroll a majority of non-White students, a demographic reality that has already occurred in the two largest regions of the country, the South and the West. As the nation's enrollment grows more…

This essay argues that Amherst County citizens and policy makers treated Monacan children differently than white, black, and even other Indian students in Virginia and were determined to keep this particular group of children out of "their" schools and out of "their" community. Even despite federal mandates to do otherwise,…

Paper delivered in part at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association in September, 1965.

IN THE DECADE SINCE THE SUPREME COURT DECISION OF 1954 SOUTHERN STATES HAVE DEVISED SCHEMES TO PREVENT SCHOOL DESEGREGATION. MOST OF THEM ARE NOW ELIMINATED OR REJECTED AS UNCONSTITUTIONAL BY FEDERAL COURTS. ONE PLAN TO EVADE INTEGRATION WHICH THE COURTS HAVE NOT YET OVERTHROWN IS THE TUITION GRANT OR "FREEDOM OF CHOICE" SCHEME. THIS…

The past and present situation of the segregation academy movement in Prince Edward County, Virginia, is discussed. (NQ)

Describes the historical efforts of economically, politically, and socially oppressed black communities across the segregated U.S. south to give their children a quality education, highlighting rural Prince Edward County, Virginia. In an attempt to circumvent Brown v. Board of Education (1954), white leaders closed every public school in the…

Presents a secondary school lesson plan about Jennie Dean and the founding of the Manassas (VA) Industrial School in the late 1880s. Provides historical background for the lesson, step-by-step instructional procedures, four primary source photographs, and three student handouts. (CFR)

On May 17, 2004, the United States will observe the fiftieth anniversary of the Supreme Court's landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. By invalidating the doctrine of "separate but equal" in the field of public education, a doctrine that had been approved by the same court nearly sixty years earlier in Plessy…

Virginia's anti-integration massive resistance laws of 1956 resulted in the closing of the public schools and the establishment of private schools for white youngsters "Foundations" were organized in Warren and Prince Edward Counties as well as in Norfolk and Charlottesville, to perpetuate segregated, traditionally oriented education.…

Documents the higher educational and professional attainment of black and white students from two segregated, one-room schools in rural Virginia in the 1930s-40s. Data from life histories and interviews indicated that black students' inferior educational opportunities were offset somewhat by the values of their immediate community. Community…

This document reports the U.S. Supreme Court Opinion on a class action seeking to reverse the exclusion of Negro children from private schools. Title 42, U.S.C. Section 1981, provides in part that "all persons within the jurisdiction of the U.S. shall have the same right in every state...to make and enforce contracts...as is enjoyed by white…

The progress of children through the grades of the public schools and the stage of advancement at which they quit school are matters of great educational and economic importance, and enlist the interest of both school officers and taxpayers. If many children fail to accomplish any part of the work of the school in the time prescribed, it may be…