Despite the precedent established in the "University of California Board of Regents v. Bakke," that race may be used as a factor in admissions policies at state institutions of higher education, state and federal court decisions were divided over whether the use of race in admissions decisions was a violation of the Equal Protection…

This article is adapted from "Chew Heong v. United States: Chinese Exclusion and the Federal Courts", written by Lucy Salyer, associate professor of history at the University of New Hampshire, for inclusion in the Federal Judicial Center's project, "Federal Trials and Great Debates in United States History." In 1882, Congress…

The agency responsible for development and implementation of the Spanish/English interpreters' certification exam used in federal courts has begun creation of certification exams in Haitian Creole and Navajo. Although these are only 2 of the more than 50 languages used in the courts, long-range plans for further test development have been…