With the passing of the Gun Free School Act of 1994, the 1990s bore witness to the birth of zero-tolerance policies. During the remainder of that decade, several school shootings occurred that solidified zero-tolerance in schools across the United States. With the possibility of threats constantly increasing, school personnel having a thorough…

Migration flows are profoundly changing the composition of classrooms. Results from the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) reveal that in 2015, almost one in four 15-year-old students in OECD countries reported that they were either foreign-born or had at least one foreign-born parent. Between 2003 and 2015, the share of…

Determining whether student speech occurred on or off campus can be difficult and requires evaluation of a multitude of factors, including whether the speech occurred during school hours or on school property, whether it occurred at a school-sponsored event, whether school resources were used in its creation or distribution, and the impact of the…

The purpose of this article is to analyze and explore the various uses of zero-tolerance among youth in the United States. The authors illustrate the origin, goals, problems, and perceptions associated with this "crime-control measure" among youth within educational settings.