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Direct linkLightfoot, Jonathan D. – International Electronic Journal for Leadership in Learning, 2006
Modern educational reform owes much to the legal team and educational leaders who fought to make equal educational opportunity a reality for Black students in the United States of America. Their efforts helped to dismantle American apartheid; a.k.a. Jim Crow, a system of allocating human and civil rights according to assigned or assumed…
Descriptors: Elementary Secondary Education, Public Education, Racial Segregation, African American Students
Engl, Margaret; Permuth, Steven B.; Wonder, Terri K. – International Journal of Educational Reform, 2004
In the fall of 1953, the Supreme Court of the United States received the case of "Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka" (347 U.S. 483, 1954) that raised essential questions, including whether separate but "equal" facilities in education can be provided for black students in the United States or whether the consideration of…
Descriptors: Social Justice, Equal Education, Courts, Court Litigation
Smith, Charles U. – Negro Educational Review, The, 2005
As Americans commemorate the 50th anniversary of the "Brown v the Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas" U.S. Supreme Court public school desegregation decision on (the Brown decision), the author was tempted to refer to it as a "celebration of the Golden Anniversary of the legal end to racial segregation in the public schools of the…
Descriptors: Access to Education, African American Students, State Courts, Social Adjustment
