Background/purpose: Recent developments in information and communication technology have opened up many new opportunities in various research fields, including religious studies (Burton, 2020). One of the most notable innovations was integrating artificial intelligence and deep learning in religious studies, including Quranic education and…

A recent global reconnaissance of Christian higher education found a number of key themes that shaped current developments, such as the pressing challenges of secularization and nationalization but also the advantages of privatization and massification. This article provides an update to this older analysis by taking a birds-eye view of trends…