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SMART Goals Are No More Effective for Creative Performance than Do-Your-Best Goals or Non-Specific, Exploratory 'Open Goals'

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Simon Pietsch; Hugh Riddell; Carolyn Semmler; Nikos Ntoumanis; Daniel F. Gucciardi – Educational Psychology, 2024

SMART goals (specific, measurable, achievable, realistic, and timed) are advocated as the gold standard for goal setting. However, goals which are non-specific and exploratory, referred to as 'open goals', may be preferred in specific circumstances. In this pre-registered experiment, we compared SMART goals, compared to do-your-best (DYB), and…

Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Adults, Goal Orientation, Student Educational Objectives