The cost-of-living has been rising sharply across England since 2021, including unprecedented increases in energy costs, rapid increases in the costs of food and significant increases in the costs of housing via higher rents/mortgage costs. Drawing on online surveys of over 2700 teachers and senior leaders in April and May 2023 in mainstream and special schools, this research aims to explore how the cost-of-living is affecting schools by asking the following questions: (1) what impact do teachers and senior leaders report cost-of-living pressures are having on pupils and their households?; (2) how has provision in schools been affected by cost-of-living increases??; and (3) what impact have cost-of-living increases had on school staff? The National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) collected data via an online survey sent to all state-funded mainstream primary and secondary schools and all special schools in England in April and May 2023. The findings highlight that cost-of-living pressures, together with existing pressures, are having a profound impact on schools. [This report was produced in collaboration with ASK Research.]