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Clark, Margaret M. – FORUM: for promoting 3-19 comprehensive education, 2017
Languages differ in the way that speech and meaning are represented in written form: in English, the correspondences are variable. Thus, in learning to read in English there is need for an approach that combines alphabetic decoding and a mastery of sight vocabulary. Teaching children to read should develop from an analysis of the skills and…
Descriptors: Literacy, Written Language, Speech Communication, Phoneme Grapheme Correspondence
International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, 2016
PIRLS (Progress in International Reading Literacy Study) is the fourth assessment in the current trend series, following PIRLS 2001, 2006, and 2011. There were 61 participants in PIRLS 2016, including 50 countries and 11 benchmarking entities (e.g., regions of countries as well as additional grades or language groups from the participating…
Descriptors: Achievement Tests, Foreign Countries, Reading Achievement, Grade 4
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Knudsen, Andrew T. – Paedagogica Historica: International Journal of the History of Education, 2016
When historians discuss the impact of examinations on elementary education in mid-Victorian England and Wales they typically focus on the Revised Code of 1862. The Revised Code is famous for instituting a policy of "payment-by-results" for teachers in state-supported voluntary schools. "Payment-by-results" made government…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Educational History, Educational Policy, Grants