Both substantive (i.e. factual knowledge, concepts, laws and theories) and procedural knowledge (understanding and applying concepts such as reliability and validity, measurement and calibration, data collection, measurement error, the ability to interpret evidence and the like) are involved in carrying out an open-ended science investigation.…

In investigative work, pupils encounter relatively open-ended tasks for which they have to devise their own solutions. Historically, the development of investigative work in the United Kingdom has come to the point where many schools are adopting it with some enthusiasm and with a degree of success. Progression has been largely defined by the…