This research seeks to describe the continuing predicament of R&D funding in the U.S. and to provide support for a return to higher R&D spending as a proportion of GDP to maintain American leadership in innovation. Historically, government investment has funded most foundational scientific research leading to technological advances in…

The demise of Soviet genetics in the 1930s, 40s, and 50s has stood for many as a prime example of the damage that social and political dogmatism can do when allowed to meddle in the workings of science. In particular, the story of Trofim Lysenko's rise to preeminence and the fall of Mendelian genetics in the Soviet Union has become a lasting…

This dissertation starts from the premise that World War II changed Soviet ideas about manhood. The Soviet Union lost twenty-seven million combatants and civilians in World War II--twenty million of whom were men. Delineating, performing, negotiating, and resisting a variety of cultural ideas about manliness shaped Soviet militarism and ideology…

The organization, activities, and history of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences and the overall science policy, structure, and the framework of the Soviet higher educational system are discussed in this report. Additionally, the federal science policy structure of the United States is outlined; comparison is made between the U.S.S.R. Academy of…

After World War II, Allied policy toward German science became entangled with issues of reparations and programs at home instead of contributing to the positive reconstruction of Germany. The Americans, the British, and the Russians dealt with German scientists and research institutions in very different ways. (AM)

Moscow State University, one of the main centers of science, will play an important role in scientific research and creative inquiry during the Tenth Five-Year Plan. (AV)

Higher education institutions in Russia are becoming the country's major scientific research centers. The effectiveness of this university research is discussed. (Author/RM)

Explains how the higher education system fulfilled targets of the Ninth Five-Year Plan in science ahead of schedule. This was achieved through improvement in organization of scientific research, application of progressive research methods, and increased effectiveness of scholars' labor. (Author/AV)

Reports on participation in a symposium that is an outgrowth of a scientific exchange agreement between the United States and the USSR. The symposium included both university and industry researchers. (GS)

Lists the five criteria used in the USSR for the selection of goals for scientific and technological activity. Identifies several recent programs which reflect new priorities and provides a three-variable model which defines the characteristics of a progressive science policy. (JDH)

Universities in the USSR fulfill the role of leading educational, scientific, and cultural centers. Their main function is training researchers and teachers and conducting scientific research. They also offer courses enabling adults to enrich their knowledge of various fields of culture. (SK)

Summarizes the agreements between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on cooperation in a number of scientific and technical fields signed during the 1972 Moscow summit meetings. (AL)

A National Academy panel evaluates trade-offs between dangers to national security that arise from technology transfers and threats to the openness of scientific communication that are caused by too much secrecy. Major conclusions/suggestions are discussed. A list of acquisitions from the West affecting Soviet military technology is included.…

More effective use of scientific potential will increase productivity of scientists' labor and improve the quality of their products. Therefore, ties between science and practice must be strengthened, research problems must be determined, and scholarly research must be planned. (Author/AV)