This research seeks to describe the continuing predicament of R&D funding in the U.S. and to provide support for a return to higher R&D spending as a proportion of GDP to maintain American leadership in innovation. Historically, government investment has funded most foundational scientific research leading to technological advances in…

Examined are the number and distribution of persons engaged in research and development in the U.S.S.R. Quantitative comparisons are made between Soviet and U.S. research and development employment. Data indicate that the estimated number of scientists and engineers in the U.S.S.R. substantially exceeds the number in the U.S. (Author/CS)

Current focuses of scientific and technical research in socialist countries' universities and institutes include increasing creativity, developing student skills for independent problem-solving, computer applications, increasing research efficiency, and integration of research and production. (MSE)

A major effort to restructure the higher education system in the USSR is discussed. The reform is intended to link higher education more directly to the economy through joint research projects, work experiences for students and faculty, and industrial participation in refitting universities with technologically advanced equipment. It is also…