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Drews, Fred – Journal of Physical Education and Recreation, 1981
The physical fitness program for the USSR is strictly controlled throughout the Soviet military and civilian society. The civilian defense program (GTO) is designed to control the physical education of all citizens from ages 10-60. The focus of GTO is on preparing youth for military service. (JN)
Descriptors: Athletics, Competition, Foreign Countries, Health
Peer reviewedZibberman, Victor; Andersen, Donald R. – Journal of the International Council for Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport, and Dance, 1994
Two articles examine athletics in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The first discusses the disintegration of the Soviet sport system following the Soviet Union's breakup. The second examines the future of CIS athletics which, it is claimed, may never again reach the stature achieved by the Soviet Union. (SM)
Descriptors: Athletic Coaches, Athletics, Democracy, Economic Impact
