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Wattananukij, Wattana; Pongpairoj, Nattama – rEFLections, 2022
The research investigated pragmatic transfer in responses to English tag questions by L1 Thai learners based on Interlanguage Pragmatics, specifically pragmatic transfer (Kasper & Blum-Kulka, 1993). The L1 Thai learners were categorized into two groups according to their English proficiency levels: advanced and intermediate. Oral and written…
Descriptors: Interlanguage, Pragmatics, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction
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Ambele, Eric A.; Boonsuk, Yusop; Buddharat, Chamaiporn – Arab World English Journal, 2018
In examining how English as a second language (ESL) learners process English formulaic expressions in a nonnative English context, this study aims to investigate the strategies that learners use and how first language (L1) culture and conceptual knowledge could influence the use of the strategies. This study is guided by the research question of…
Descriptors: Phrase Structure, French, Native Language, Second Language Learning
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Wilson, Kenneth M.; Nagara, Supalak Komarakul Na; Woodhead, Robert – ETS Research Report Series, 2004
The Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC®) is an ETS-developed measure of proficiency in English as a second language (ESL) or foreign language (EFL), designed to assess aspects of English language listening comprehension (LC) and reading comprehension (RC). In general samples of native speakers of Japanese, Korean, French,…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Language Tests, Second Language Learning, Language Proficiency