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Direct linkPeguero, Anthony A.; Varela, Kay S.; Marchbanks, Miner P., III; Blake, Jamilia; Eason, John M. – Urban Education, 2021
There are racial/ethnic disparities associated with school punishment practices and academic progress. In addition, research suggests that urban schools have stricter school punishment practices and higher grade retention rates. What remains unknown, however, is the relationship between race/ethnicity, school punishment practices, and retention…
Descriptors: Punishment, Discipline, Racial Differences, Ethnicity
Watlington, Kathy – American Educational History Journal, 2012
A majority of American students have taken the journey through schools that progressed from first to twelfth grade. So by the 1913 Committee on the Economy of Time in Education, American education featured a twelve-grade system quickly evolving from the forces of consolidation and corporate efficiency. Such was not the reality in Texas schools.…
Descriptors: School Districts, Instructional Program Divisions, Educational History, United States History
