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Pelham, John T. – 1968
The specific objective was to study racial differences in the consistency dimension of desired status objects (aspirational frame of reference) and expected objects (anticipated frame of reference) of adolescent males from the rural South. Specific observations were made on (1) racial differences in consistency of aspirational frames of reference…
Descriptors: Academic Aspiration, Adolescents, Aspiration, Blacks
Download full textNichols, Sharon L.; Glass, Gene V.; Berliner, David C. – Education Policy Research Unit, 2005
Under the federal No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB), standardized test scores are the indicator used to hold schools and school districts accountable for student achievement. Each state is responsible for constructing an accountability system, attaching consequences--or stakes--for student performance. The theory of action implied by this…
Descriptors: High Stakes Tests, Standardized Tests, Academic Achievement, Federal Legislation
