The design, management, and effectiveness of systems of higher education are examined in 12 countries: Australia, Canada, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Iran, Japan, Mexico, Poland, Sweden, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Previous reports have been published by ICED on each country, upon which this report is based. It provides the essential links crossing national boundaries in a comparative treatment of the most important issues facing all the nations. Emphasis in this report is on evaluation of the weaknesses and strengths as determined by directors and researchers from the system. The results are compiled by the five authors, each handling a specific topic. Clark Kerr clarifies the goals and purposes of each system and their success ratio. John Millett analyzes the problem of planning and administering the systems of higher education. Burton Clark proposes new definitions for patterns of coordination. Brian MacArthur examines innovations and adjustment to the demands of mass education. Howard Bowen presents a plan for countries to follow in judging the efficiency of their system. An appendix: "Statement on Goals" is provided along with notes on contributors and a list of country directors. (LC)