This study has been done to gather data as to whether there is improvement in vocabulary development, reading comprehension and reading fluency when a child is reading aloud and he or she has a reading companion as opposed to not having a reading companion. As this literature review indicates there has been a lot of research on the benefits of…

A fundamental question in developmental science is how brains with and without language compute numbers. Measuring young children's verbal reactions in Spain and Finland, we show that, although there is a general arithmetic ability for small numbers that is shared by monkeys and preverbal infants, the development of such initial knowledge in…

This bibliographic essay is designed to help the student begin to investigate both context and content of contemporary Spanish society, government, politics, and economy. Coverage is selective because the focus is on sources in English, although where important subject matter gaps exist, Spanish sources are provided. Many of these are available in…

This article stresses the need for improved Spanish instruction in Spanish and Latin American universities for Spanish-speaking students. Obstacles to teaching such as student apathy and professional shortcomings are outlined. Suggestions for improved curriculum content and methodology are given. (Text is in Spanish.) (CLK)

Reviews the spread of Spanish as a native, second or foreign language and shows that Latin America, rather than Spain, is now the center of gravity for that language. Gives a statistical distribution of the major languages throughout the world. The homogeneity of Spanish is mentioned. (Text is in Spanish.) (TL)

This paper presents results from a contrastive study of qualification devices used in a 400,000-word corpus of English argumentative texts, written by English-as-a-Foreign-Language (EFL) Spanish university students, U.S. university students, and native professional writers (newspaper editorials in English). The study attempted to account for the…

Explains that the primary objectives of the South Carolina/Spain Visiting Teachers Program were to: meet the greater demand for Spanish teachers; provide qualified native speakers; provide students with a linguistically and culturally rich education; and actively participate in cross-cultural activities. Explains characteristics of the South…

Reflects on the process of "normalization" that is gaining prestige in Majorca (Spain) as it restores Catalan to the role of official language. The outcome of the process of normalization in Spain may positively influence the possible approaches for the newly created multilingual states of post-Soviet Eastern Europe as they seek to…

Describes the design, implementation, and evaluation of an electronic mail exchange program between university students in the United States and Spain. The program was implemented to help make a course entitled Peninsular Culture and Civilization more interactive, relevant, and interesting (MDM)

Many sociolinguistic studies validate the importance of the relationship among social variables that satisfactorily explain the correlation between linguistic and social phenomena. The intersection of sex, sociocultural level, and age initiates syntactic change that first appears in the vernacular and progresses to the accepted standard. (52…

A survey of native Spanish speakers from both Spain and Latin America found that the choice of predicate adjectives governing "tough" constructions in Spanish (e.g., "el libro es facil de leer") varies by individual, but some patterns did emerge that suggest "tough" constructions and "it is" constructions…

Introduction: Stress in Spanish is associated with an orthographic mark that indicates stress, but there are also other clues that point to it. Most words have the same stress (on the penultimate syllable), and closed syllables (syllables ending in a consonant) attract the stress. In this paper we study these clues, and consequently the function…

This paper presents patterns of accentual alignment in two varieties of Spanish spoken in the Basque Country: Lekeitio Spanish (LS), with speakers whose other native language is Lekeitio Basque (LB); and Vitoria Spanish (VS), with monolingual speakers of Spanish from the city of Vitoria. These patterns are compared to those of Madrid Spanish (MS),…

This document consists of three issues (1994) of a Spanish language periodical directed at elementary and middle school-aged children. Contained in these periodicals are a variety of activities designed to encourage the reader to learn and practice the Spanish language. Each issue focuses on a particular topic, e.g., "The…

According to a footnote in the 1990 book "The Noble Savage,""The Spanish Black Legend is the view of Spain's genocide in The New World, as accounted for by Bartolome de las Casas and the European historians who, during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, denounced this genocide, often utilizing it as an anti-Spanish propaganda…